The National Infrastructure Commission for Wales (NICW) has been examining why major infrastructure projects in Wales so often struggle to progress, despite strong national ambition. Drawing on engagement across the country, our research highlights a mixed record of delivery over the last two decades, where some high‑profile schemes have stalled, leaving communities with lost opportunities and unrealised social and economic benefits.

Through commissioned research, NICW has analysed both successful and unsuccessful project examples across their full lifecycle: from conception and planning through to funding, delivery, and completion. This work focuses on recurring systemic factors that shape outcomes, including economics and funding, skills and sector capability, political drivers, public and stakeholder engagement, and the statutory planning and environmental permitting systems.

By collating qualitative and quantitative evidence, case studies, and stakeholder insights, we aim to build a clearer picture of the root causes behind delivery challenges in Wales. The findings will help identify the conditions that enable successful delivery, support better decision‑making, and strengthen the infrastructure system for future generations.